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Part A. Translate the following English passages into Chinese.
Declarations of Rights (of the natural and inalienable rights of man, to quote the French Declaration of 1789) are all based upon a theory which criticism on many sides has succeeded in destroying: namely, the theory of natural right, which had its own particular grounds during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but which has become philosophically and historically quite untenable. Nor can we argue from the moral character of such rights, for morality recognizes no rights which are not, at the same time, duties, and no authority but itself – this is not a natural fact but the first spiritual principle.
This, moreover, is already implied in the report you have sent me, when it says that these rights vary historically; thereby abandoning the logical basis of those rights regarded as universal rights of man, and reducing them to, at most, the rights of man in history. That is to say, rights accepted as such for men of a particular time. Thus, they are not eternal claims but simply historical facts, manifestations of the needs of such and such an age and an attempt to satisfy those needs. As a historical fact, the Declaration of 1789 had its importance, since it expresses a general agreement which had developed under European culture and civilization of the eighteenth century (the Age of Reason, of Enlightenment, etc.) concerning the certain urgent need of a political reform of European society (including European society in America).
Today, however, it is no longer possible to realize the purpose of the Declaration, whether of rights or of historical needs, for it is precisely that agreement on the subject which is lacking and which UNESCO desires to promote. Agreement, it is obvious, is lacking in the two most important currents of world opinion: the liberal current and the authoritarian- totalitarian current. And indeed that disagreement, though moderated in its expression, may be discerned in the report I have before me.
Part B. Translate the following Chinese passage into English.
城市规划有助于保持或者重建（尽管更为困难）绿色轴线的连通性和沿线走廊， 维护湿地，维持河流和溪流的质量，同时最大限度地减少洪水和干旱的风险，并养护具有高度保护价值的地区。它还可以减少交通运输基础设施所需的空间和影响。范围更大的空间规划有助于最大限度地提高保护区的生存能力、覆盖面和质量，保护盆地、河流流域和沿海生态系统以及其他具有高度保护价值的地区，并最大限度地扩大这些措施对当地居民和游客的益处。它可以帮助沿着主要走廊捆绑线性基础设施，提高连通性增强措施（例如供野生动物通过的桥梁和隧道）的成本效益。最重要的是，它可以防止、减少和疏导城市的无序扩张和对景观的侵蚀，从而保护住区、种群、生态系统服务的提供和生态系统的运作。
Section Two: Specialized Text
Part A. Translate the following English passages into Chinese.
Law
Furthermore, according to article 5, paragraph 1, of the Headquarters Agreement, no officer or official of the Republic of Austria, or any other person exercising any public authority within the Republic of Austria might enter the headquarters seat to perform any duties therein except with the consent of, and under conditions approved by, the Director- General. This provision also indicated that a remedy for faulty service, when such service constituted an official act, was not possible in this case. After all, the Administrative Court of Appeal had held that consideration of the generally recognized rules of international law made it impossible to interpret article 7 of the Service of Documents Act in such a way as to mean that even violations of express prohibitions on the service of documents contained in treaties, and thus impermissible interference in the sovereign rights of another State, would be remedied. Although this legal rule referred to another State and not to an international organization and although it was based on an express prohibition of the service of documents in a treaty and not, as in the instant case, on a comprehensive clause like article 5 of the Headquarters Agreement, the reasoning of the Administrative Court of Appeal could be applied generally and was therefore applicable to the instant case. The service of the payment order on the Defendant had not therefore been conducted in a legally effective manner and thus the proceedings had not yet been concluded.
The national courts’ lack of jurisdiction on account of immunity meant that an absolute prerequisite for proceedings was missing; at the same time, irrespective of any waiving of immunity, a remedy through action by one of the parties was impossible. Even if immunity could be tacitly waived, it was clear that the filing of an objection to a payment order could not be regarded as submission to the jurisdiction of the national courts. Moreover, in its note verbale of 31 March 2004, the Defendant had expressly stated that it did not waive its immunity. The impugned decision should therefore be upheld with the proviso that the payment order which had been issued be nullified and that the Application be rejected on the grounds of the national courts’ lack of jurisdiction.
The ordinary appeal on points of law was admissible because, as far as could be seen, no previous decisions of the Supreme Court had been concerned with the legally relevant question of whether, when the provisions of article 11, paragraph 2, of the Service of Documents. Act were violated, a remedy for faulty service as provided for in article 7 of the Service of Documents Act was possible through actual delivery.
Finance
Trade can also be a powerful force for more inclusive growth, including by lowering poverty and by opening opportunities to small firms, farmers, and fishermen, as well as women. Better trade policies, notably in the area of e-commerce, could help small firms to export. But traditional areas of trade policy are also important. Distortions to agricultural trade impact market access and food price volatility, affecting both poor farmers and poor consumers. Limiting fisheries subsidies could help to secure the livelihoods of coastal communities and the sustainability of fish stocks. In all of these areas trade helps to drive female employment and economic empowerment. However, given the potential for trade and other structural change to create adjustment pressures for certain sectors, groups or regions, triggering discontent among some segments of society, it is also important to have in place appropriate complementary policies.
The path forward needs to heed the hard lessons of nearly two decades of WTO negotiations and to recognize a more complex trade policy landscape. The slow pace of reforms since the early 2000s, fundamental changes in a more interconnected modern economy, and the risk of trade policy reversals call for urgency to reinvigorate trade policy reforms. The WTO institutional and legal framework, and its near-global membership, have unique advantages. Yet reliance on an approach in which all members must agree on all issues risks driving negotiating activity outside the WTO. Agreeing among so many members, each with unique challenges and priorities, has proven difficult.
More flexible negotiating approaches have been effective in the past. The multilateral trading system has not always relied on large-scale ‘single undertakings’ like the Uruguay Round. When the WTO was created in 1995 many expected it would foster a flow of new agreements on various topics. The history of the GATT and WTO shows that many approaches have been deployed over the years—some fully multilateral, and others not. Key parts of the current WTO rule book were initially agreed by and applied (in the 1970s and 1980s) only to those countries adopting the Tokyo Round “Codes.” The 1996 Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and its 2016 expansion are examples in which a “critical mass” of WTO members agreed tariff cuts they then apply to imports from all WTO members. Disciplines on government procurement—otherwise outside WTO rules—apply only among participants in that agreement, but the agreement is open to non- participants as well—which would not necessarily be true if the agreement were done outside the WTO.
Medicine
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most prevalent global pathogens and colonises an estimated 50% of the world’s population. It was first described in gastric biopsies by Warren and Marshall in Australia in 1983. H. pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacillus that infects the human stomach mucosa and produces diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric marginal zone/mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and gastric carcinoma. More recently, it has been suggested that H. pylori may be associated with extraintestinal diseases, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura, pancreatic disease, atherosclerosis, refractory iron deficiency anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency. H. pylori eradication cures gastritis, can alter the progression to long-term complications, or recurrence of disease. For these reasons, H. pylori is considered an infectious disease irrespective of an individual’s symptoms and stage of disease. H. pylori infection is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Epidemiological investigations showed that the overall prevalence of H. pylori in China still remains high; the adult infection rate being 41.5%-72.3%, and may vary with the population studied and with the geographic area in China.
H. pylori eradication therapy using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and antibiotics has been approved in various countries around the world. H. pylori eradication therapy is strongly recommended and indicated in patients with peptic ulcer disease (regardless of its active disease status or association of complications) and gastric MALT. Furthermore, H. pylori eradication is recommended in China for chronic gastritis associated with dyspepsia, chronic gastritis associated with gastric atrophy or erosion, prevention of gastric cancer after endoscopic/surgical resection of early stage gastric cancer, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and patients with long term use of non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including low dose aspirin.
In China, resistance rate of H. pylori to clarithromycin and metronidazole have now reached 20- 50% and 40-70%, respectively. Recent guidelines suggest classic bismuth- containing quadruple therapy (PPI-bismuth-clarithromycin-amoxicillin) as first-line therapy to overcome the clarithromycin resistance with full dose therapy especially when given for 10 days or preferably 14 days.
Culture
It is sad to admit that most men consider it their right to challenge the rights of others and even fight them. What is even sadder is that the present aspect of the world does not offer any hope for improvement in the near future.
This should not however stifle our aspiration for a world where the sanctity of the Rights of Man would be an intangible evidence for everybody. Humanity has never been able to access this kind of happiness unless a growing number of individuals pursued with fervour, an ideal conceived a long time ago, until its accomplishment. All the progress of social thought or social sentiment that allowed for a life together without any discord could have been achieved only through the strength of such aspirations.
We must not give that up.
The heathens could always deny the immortality of the soul, and yet the believers will not stop to see it as a certitude. Even if the pagans were right today, the power of faith the believers have would one day make the soul immortal.
It will be the same with the Rights of Man if we do not cease to believe in their existence, even though they may remain unknown and ill-defined for a long time.
If there is a difference between the common law, the civil law and the rights of man, it should be limited to this:
a) The rights of man seek to balance powers and resistance even in areas where the common law has not yet found solutions.
b) We must find a minimum of rights valid for all peoples and all races.
The task of formulating a Declaration of the Rights of Man clearly lies with an organization that purports to be at the “vanguard” of the progress of the common law.
The law proposes to establish a balance only to a small degree. In reality, it is almost always the expression of power. Certainly, while the rights of the weak were able to find a foothold in the world to some extent, they have done that by way of power. When overcome by pity, we admit to unintended consequences; the opposite occurs: we have sparked a Reaction.
Science and Technology
The genes that confer carbapenem resistance --- not just NDM-1, but an alphabet soup of others --- have appeared over the past decade or so in a particularly challenging grouping of bacteria called gram-negatives. That designation, which borrows the name of a Danish 19th-century scientist, superficially indicates the response to a stain that illuminates the cell membrane. What it connotes is much more complex. Gram-negative bacteria are promiscuous: they easily exchange bits of DNA, so that a resistance gene that arises in Klebsiella, for example, quickly migrates to E. coli, Acinetobacter and other gram-negative species. (In contrast, resistance genes in gram-positives are more likely to cluster within species.) Gram-negative germs are also harder to kill with antibiotics because they have a double-layered membrane that even powerful drugs struggle to penetrate and possess certain internal cellular defenses as well. In addition, fewer options exist for treating them. Pharmaceutical firms are making few new antibiotics of any type these days. Against the protean, stubborn gram-negatives, they have no new compounds in the pipeline at all. All told, this unlucky confluence of elements could easily export disaster from medical centers to the wider community.
Resistance to the carbapenem class of antibiotics has already brought hospital-acquired infections, such as the Klebsiella that infected that original Swedish patient, to the brink of untreatability. Beyond the carbapenems, there remain only a few drugs that doctors are loathe to prescribe, either because they cannot reach all the hiding places in the body where bacteria dwell or they make patients so sick as to be unsafe.
Even if health care–related infections are difficult to cure, they are usually detected because the patients in whom they occur --- elderly, debilitated, confined to an intensive care unit --- are usually under close watch. What keeps health authorities awake at night is the possibility that carbapenem-resistance genes will propagate, undetected, beyond the hospital inside of organisms that cause everyday maladies --- such as E. coli, which is responsible for most of the millions of urinary tract infections in the U.S. every year. Walsh, NDM-1's discoverer, proffers the example of a woman dropping in to see her primary care doctor with what looks like uncomplicated cystitis. With no reason to suspect resistance, the physician would prescribe drugs that no longer work, while the infection spread unimpeded up her urinary tract, into her kidneys and, devastatingly, into her blood. “There would be nothing to treat her with,” he concludes.
Part B. Translate the following Chinese passages into English.
Law
争端的解决
因本协定和根据本协定第三条拟订的任何补充安排而产生的任何争端，应尽可能在最低级别解决。争端无法在较低级别解决的，应移交驻伊拉克多国部队（MNF-I）和联伊援助团（UNAMI）有关当局解决。
如缔约双方仍旧无法达成一致，应通过外交渠道继续磋商。在任何情况下， 因本协定和根据本协定第三条拟订的任何补充安排而产生的任何争端均不得提交给第三方解决。
生效、终止和修正
本协定自缔约双方签署之日起生效。
本协定在出现下列任何事件时终止：美国政府放弃对驻伊拉克多国部队的指挥；联合国安全理事会第 1546 号决议及任何后续决议规定的驻伊拉克多国部队的任务到期或被终止；驻伊拉克多国部队放弃根据本协定承担的所有责任且该责任转由伊拉克安全部队承担；任何一方书面通知对方 90 天后本协定即可终止。
本协定可经缔约双方书面协定修正。
尽管本协定终止，但终止之前缔约双方根据第二条第 2 款和第四条规定而承担的义务应继续适用，缔约双方另有书面规定的除外。
Finance
中国是一个拥有复杂政府间财政体系的单一制国家。地方政府承担公共服务提供和社会安全网管理的大部分责任。同时，地方政府负责近 80%的政府支出，但拥有的财政收入自主权却相当有限。因此，中国的广义政府部门包括预算中央政府的活动以及省级与地方政府的业务活动。
自 2014 年以来，管理当局采取了许多旨在扩大预算内财政收入和支出并同时限制预算外活动的措施。这些改革将地方政府单位的大部分财政活动纳入预算管理，导致财政赤字和债务的增加。地方政府的预算内净借款从2014年占 GDP 的0.3%增至 2016 年占 GDP 的 2.4%。2014 年，政府将占 GDP 约 22%的地方政府融资平台（LGFV）这一庞大的债务存量纳入预算。
尽管开展了有力改革，但目前仍存在一些产生准财政收入和支出的渠道。首先， 公私合伙合同预计将取代地方政府融资平台，在利用私人部门融资的同时将风险转移给私人部门。不过，公私合伙的合作伙伴中绝大多数受国家控制，例如政府基金、中央和地方国有企业等。其次，管理当局越来越多地设立专项建设基金和政府引导基金来为公共基础设施提供资金。
Medicine
本研究是一项多中心、III 期、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照、阿达木单抗对照、平行分组研究，目的是在活动性 AS 受试者中评价CCmab的有效性和安全性。
本研究包括以下3个阶段：筛选期（≥14 天 to ≦ 35 天）、治疗期（52 周， 包括 16 周双盲期和36 周盲态活性药物治疗期）以及 SFU 期（末次研究药物给药后 20 周）。
将合格受试者以 2:2:2:1 的比例随机分配至 4 种治疗组（CCmab 160mg、CCmab 320mg、活性对照药物[阿达木单抗]或安慰剂）之一，且继续接受其研究允许的背景药物治疗。
双盲和盲态活性药物治疗期间，将在定义的时间点对患者是否进入补救治疗进行评价。未达到最低应答（定义为 ASAS40≥40%并且4个维度中至少3 个在 0-10 分量表上的应答≥2 个单位，且剩余维度未见恶化）的受试者将接受补救治疗， 并将其视为临床无应答者。
所有随机入组受试者完成 24 周治疗或在双盲期结束时退出研究后，将对所有获得的数据（包括有效性、安全性和 PK 数据）进行中期分析。
所有随机入组受试者完成 52 周治疗或退出研究后，将对所有获得的数据进行最终分析。
完成 52 周研究的受试者将可能有资格入选 CCmab 扩展研究。
Culture
沿着沥青路面驱车前行，在看不到尽头的土路上，热气模糊了地平线，一个个隐约的剪影踽踽而行。从东非到喜马拉雅地区腹地，总能看到一些步行的人，他们头顶层层重物，整个身躯因此显得突兀高耸，坐车从旁经过的人根本分不清哪部分是人，哪部分是货物，司机们全神贯注盯着前方的道路，尽力躲开他们。无论身躯挺直还是因为负重而弯腰驼背，这些行人始终高昂着头，毫不在意身旁一辆接一辆摇晃着车身疾驰而过的老爷车，仿佛是现代的女神柱（caryatid）！
车窗的另一侧，则是忙碌喧嚣，对这些步履缓慢的搬运工不屑一顾的世界。我们只是与他们擦肩而过的旁观者。不过，作为旅行者和摄影师，弗洛拉·拉塞（Flora Lassée）却决定不再匆匆掠过，而是花时间与他们接触，并发现这些平衡大师顶起的远超出生存之所需，那不仅仅是一瓶罐头、一个水罐、或是一袋衣服，那是生命之重。
Science and Technology
捕获并冷却氚（可用作核燃料，是氢弹的主要原料之一，也是受控聚变反应的燃料之一），有助于测定宇宙中已知最多的基本粒子——中微子的质量，进而了解这种粒子对宇宙演化产生的重力效应。氚具有放射性，当原子核中的一个中子衰变成一个质子、一个电子和一个反中微子（中微子的反物质），氚就会转变成氦-3。由于电子会以 β 射线射出，因此，物理学家藉由测量电子的能量，即可得知反中微子带走的能量（因为反中微子会穿越实验设备且难以探测），从而得知反中微子的质量。根据物理学家的预测，中微子的质量应与反中微子相同。
同样的方法也可用于捕获并冷却反氢（氢的反物质）。反氢新近才由欧洲核子研究组织（CERN）创造出来，非常不易处理，因为，反物质一旦接触物质，当即化为能量而消失无踪。因此，就反氢而言，我们不能用超音速气体束的方法处理。但我们可将反质子射入正子云，产生反氢气体束，再借助麦克斯韦奥（Maxwell demon）装置将它减速并冷却。反氢实验可解答一个简单的问题：反物质是否会和物质一样落下？即，重力作用对于所有质量相同的物体是否相同？
